Imperatoxin-A (T3D2513)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (3)XML
Targets (3)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-03 22:19:06 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:38 UTC
Accession NumberT3D2513
Identification
Common NameImperatoxin-A
ClassProtein
DescriptionImperatoxin is a peptide toxin produced by the Emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator). Imperatoxin-A is an activator which enhances the influx of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmatic reticulum into the cell. (2)
Compound Type
  • Amide
  • Amine
  • Animal Toxin
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Protein
  • Scorpion Toxin
Protein StructureT3d2513
Synonyms
Synonym
Imperatoxin
Imperatoxin activator
IpTxa
Chemical FormulaNot Available
Average Molecular Mass3764.370 g/mol
CAS Registry Number172451-37-5
SequenceNot Available
Chemical Taxonomy
DescriptionNot Available
KingdomOrganic Compounds
Super ClassOrganic Acids
ClassCarboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Sub ClassAmino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
Direct ParentPeptides
Alternative ParentsNot Available
SubstituentsNot Available
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
AppearanceClear solution.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility>10 mg/mL
LogPNot Available
Predicted PropertiesNot Available
Spectra
SpectraNot Available
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureInjection (sting/bite) (4)
Mechanism of ToxicityImperatoxin-A is an activator which enhances the influx of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmatic reticulum into the cell. Imperatoxin-A acts on the Ryanodine receptors (RyR), which are intracellular calcium release channels mainly known for their role in regulating calcium release from the sarcoplasmatic reticulum of striated muscles. It binds directly to RyR and enhances ryanodine binding to trigger calcium release. (2)
MetabolismFree toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases.
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesImperatoxin is a peptide toxin produced by the Emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator). (2)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsImperatoxin-A is neurotoxic. (3)
SymptomsScorpion stings cause tingling or burning at the site of the sting. In more severe cases, symptoms may include spasm in the throat, feeling of thick tongue, restlessness, muscular fibrillation, abdominal cramps, convulsions, incontinence, hypertension, hypotension, oliguria, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, and respiratory failure. (1)
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound IDNot Available
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider IDNot Available
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDP59868
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB ID1IE6
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D2513.pdf
General References
  1. Dreisbach, RH (1983). Handbook of Poisoning. Los Altos, California: Lange Medical Publications.
  2. Wikipedia. Imperatoxin. Last Updated 17 May 2009. [Link]
  3. Wikipedia. Pumiliotoxin 251D. Last Updated 13 May 2009. [Link]
  4. Wikipedia. Scorpion toxin. Last Updated 12 July 2009. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. Ryanodine receptor 1
General Function:
Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function:
Calcium channel that mediates the release of Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm and thereby plays a key role in triggering muscle contraction following depolarization of T-tubules. Repeated very high-level exercise increases the open probability of the channel and leads to Ca(2+) leaking into the cytoplasm. Can also mediate the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores in neurons, and may thereby promote prolonged Ca(2+) signaling in the brain. Required for normal embryonic development of muscle fibers and skeletal muscle. Required for normal heart morphogenesis, skin development and ossification during embryogenesis (By similarity).
Gene Name:
RYR1
Uniprot ID:
P21817
Molecular Weight:
565170.715 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Imperatoxin. Last Updated 17 May 2009. [Link]
Target Details
2. Ryanodine receptor 2
General Function:
Suramin binding
Specific Function:
Calcium channel that mediates the release of Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm and thereby plays a key role in triggering cardiac muscle contraction. Aberrant channel activation can lead to cardiac arrhythmia. In cardiac myocytes, calcium release is triggered by increased Ca(2+) levels due to activation of the L-type calcium channel CACNA1C. The calcium channel activity is modulated by formation of heterotetramers with RYR3. Required for cellular calcium ion homeostasis. Required for embryonic heart development.
Gene Name:
RYR2
Uniprot ID:
Q92736
Molecular Weight:
564562.71 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Imperatoxin. Last Updated 17 May 2009. [Link]
Target Details
3. Ryanodine receptor 3
General Function:
Ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity
Specific Function:
Calcium channel that mediates the release of Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm in muscle and thereby plays a role in triggering muscle contraction. May regulate Ca(2+) release by other calcium channels. Calcium channel that mediates Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum in non-muscle cells. Contributes to cellular calcium ion homeostasis (By similarity). Plays a role in cellular calcium signaling.
Gene Name:
RYR3
Uniprot ID:
Q15413
Molecular Weight:
552037.115 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Imperatoxin. Last Updated 17 May 2009. [Link]