Nitric acid (T3D3571)
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| Version | 2.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Creation Date | 2009-08-05 17:27:44 UTC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:26:10 UTC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accession Number | T3D3571 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Identification | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Name | Nitric acid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class | Small Molecule | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid. The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68%. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO3, it is referred to as fuming nitric acid. Nitric acid is the primary reagent used for nitration - the addition of a nitro group, typically to an organic molecule. The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers. Nitric acid is neutralized with ammonia to give ammonium nitrate. The other main applications are for the production of explosives, nylon precursors, and specialty organic compounds. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compound Type |
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| Chemical Structure |  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Synonyms |
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| Chemical Formula | HNO3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average Molecular Mass | 63.013 g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monoisotopic Mass | 62.996 g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7697-37-2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IUPAC Name | nitric acid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Name | nitric acid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SMILES | O[N+]([O-])=O | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/HNO3/c2-1(3)4/h(H,2,3,4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI Key | InChIKey=GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical Taxonomy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as non-metal nitrates. These are inorganic non-metallic compounds containing a nitrate as its largest oxoanion. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Super Class | Homogeneous non-metal compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class | Non-metal oxoanionic compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sub Class | Non-metal nitrates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct Parent | Non-metal nitrates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alternative Parents | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Substituents |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External Descriptors |
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| Biological Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Status | Detected and Not Quantified | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Origin | Exogenous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cellular Locations |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tissue Locations | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pathways | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Applications | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Biological Roles | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical Roles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State | Liquid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | Colorless liquid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experimental Properties |
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| Predicted Properties |
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| Spectra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spectra | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toxicity Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Route of Exposure | Oral (6) ; inhalation (6) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Nitric acid is a corrosive acid and a powerful oxidizing agent. The major hazard posed by it is chemical burns as it carries out acid hydrolysis with proteins (amide) and fats (ester) which consequently decomposes living tissue (e.g. skin and flesh). Concentrated nitric acid stains human skin yellow due to its reaction with the keratin. These yellow stains turn orange when neutralized. Systemic effects are unlikely, however, and the substance is not considered a carcinogen or mutagen. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Metabolism | Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (6) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toxicity Values | LD50: 138 ppm over 30 minutes (Inhalation, Rat) (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lethal Dose | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | Ingested nitrate or nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uses/Sources | The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers. Nitric acid is neutralized with ammonia to give ammonium nitrate. The other main applications are for the production of explosives, nylon precursors, and specialty organic compounds. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Health Effects | Skin contact with nitric acid can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Nitric acid may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage. Severe and rapid corrosive burns of the mouth, gullet and gastrointestinal tract will result if nitric acid is swallowed. Symptoms include burning, choking, nausea, vomiting and severe pain. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Symptoms | Skin contact can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Nitric acid may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage. Severe and rapid corrosive burns of the mouth, gullet and gastrointestinal tract will result if nitric acid is swallowed. Symptoms include burning, choking, nausea, vomiting and severe pain. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treatment | The mainstay of treatment of any acid burn is copious irrigation with large amounts of tap water. To be most effective, treatment should be started immediately after exposure, preferably before arrival in the emergency department. Remove any contaminated clothing. Do not attempt to neutralize the burn with weak reciprocal chemicals (i.e. alkali for acid burns), because the heat generated from the chemical reaction may cause severe thermal injury. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Normal Concentrations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abnormal Concentrations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External Links | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DrugBank ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HMDB ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PubChem Compound ID | 944 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL1352 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChemSpider ID | 919 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| KEGG ID | C00244 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| UniProt ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OMIM ID | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChEBI ID | 48107 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BioCyc ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CTD ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stitch ID | Nitric acid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PDB ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ACToR ID | 6154 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia Link | Nitric_acid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Synthesis Reference | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MSDS | T3D3571.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General References |
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| Gene Regulation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Targets
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrates cyanamide to urea.
- Gene Name:
- CA1
- Uniprot ID:
- P00915
- Molecular Weight:
- 28870.0 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
| Type | Value | Assay Type | Assay Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibitory | 7000 uM | Not Available | BindingDB 50152970 |
References
- Innocenti A, Zimmerman S, Ferry JG, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the beta-class enzyme from the methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Cab) with anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Sep 6;14(17):4563-7. [15357993 ]
- Innocenti A, Lehtonen JM, Parkkila S, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the newly isolated murine isozyme XIII with anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Nov 1;14(21):5435-9. [15454240 ]
- Innocenti A, Firnges MA, Antel J, Wurl M, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Dec 6;14(23):5769-73. [15501038 ]
- Innocenti A, Vullo D, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of isozymes I, II, IV, V, and IX with anions isosteric and isoelectronic with sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Feb 1;15(3):567-71. [15664814 ]
- Bertucci A, Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Tambutte S, Zoccola D, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jan 15;21(2):710-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.124. Epub 2010 Dec 4. [21208801 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation (By similarity). Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrate cyanamide to urea. Involved in the regulation of fluid secretion into the anterior chamber of the eye. Contributes to intracellular pH regulation in the duodenal upper villous epithelium during proton-coupled peptide absorption. Stimulates the chloride-bicarbonate exchange activity of SLC26A6.
- Gene Name:
- CA2
- Uniprot ID:
- P00918
- Molecular Weight:
- 29245.895 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
| Type | Value | Assay Type | Assay Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibitory | 35000 uM | Not Available | BindingDB 50152970 |
References
- Innocenti A, Zimmerman S, Ferry JG, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the beta-class enzyme from the methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Cab) with anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Sep 6;14(17):4563-7. [15357993 ]
- Innocenti A, Lehtonen JM, Parkkila S, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the newly isolated murine isozyme XIII with anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Nov 1;14(21):5435-9. [15454240 ]
- Innocenti A, Firnges MA, Antel J, Wurl M, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Dec 6;14(23):5769-73. [15501038 ]
- Innocenti A, Vullo D, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of isozymes I, II, IV, V, and IX with anions isosteric and isoelectronic with sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Feb 1;15(3):567-71. [15664814 ]
- Bertucci A, Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Tambutte S, Zoccola D, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jan 15;21(2):710-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.124. Epub 2010 Dec 4. [21208801 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. May stimulate the sodium/bicarbonate transporter activity of SLC4A4 that acts in pH homeostasis. It is essential for acid overload removal from the retina and retina epithelium, and acid release in the choriocapillaris in the choroid.
- Gene Name:
- CA4
- Uniprot ID:
- P22748
- Molecular Weight:
- 35032.075 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
| Type | Value | Assay Type | Assay Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibitory | 58700 uM | Not Available | BindingDB 50152970 |
References
- Innocenti A, Firnges MA, Antel J, Wurl M, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Dec 6;14(23):5769-73. [15501038 ]
- Innocenti A, Vullo D, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of isozymes I, II, IV, V, and IX with anions isosteric and isoelectronic with sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Feb 1;15(3):567-71. [15664814 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Participates in pH regulation. May be involved in the control of cell proliferation and transformation. Appears to be a novel specific biomarker for a cervical neoplasia.
- Gene Name:
- CA9
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16790
- Molecular Weight:
- 49697.36 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
| Type | Value | Assay Type | Assay Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibitory | 46000 uM | Not Available | BindingDB 50152970 |
References
- Innocenti A, Firnges MA, Antel J, Wurl M, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Dec 6;14(23):5769-73. [15501038 ]
- Innocenti A, Vullo D, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of isozymes I, II, IV, V, and IX with anions isosteric and isoelectronic with sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Feb 1;15(3):567-71. [15664814 ]
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.
- Gene Name:
- HBA1
- Uniprot ID:
- P69905
- Molecular Weight:
- 15257.405 Da
References
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.Spinorphin: functions as an endogenous inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes such as DPP3, and as a selective antagonist of the P2RX3 receptor which is involved in pain signaling, these properties implicate it as a regulator of pain and inflammation.
- Gene Name:
- HBB
- Uniprot ID:
- P68871
- Molecular Weight:
- 15998.34 Da
References
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.
- Gene Name:
- HBD
- Uniprot ID:
- P02042
- Molecular Weight:
- 16055.41 Da
References
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- The epsilon chain is a beta-type chain of early mammalian embryonic hemoglobin.
- Gene Name:
- HBE1
- Uniprot ID:
- P02100
- Molecular Weight:
- 16202.71 Da
References
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Gamma chains make up the fetal hemoglobin F, in combination with alpha chains.
- Gene Name:
- HBG1
- Uniprot ID:
- P69891
- Molecular Weight:
- 16140.37 Da
References
- General Function:
- Gamma chains make up the fetal hemoglobin F, in combination with alpha chains.
- Specific Function:
- Heme binding
- Gene Name:
- HBG2
- Uniprot ID:
- P69892
- Molecular Weight:
- 16126.35 Da
References
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- HBM
- Uniprot ID:
- Q6B0K9
- Molecular Weight:
- 15617.97 Da
References
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- HBQ1
- Uniprot ID:
- P09105
- Molecular Weight:
- 15507.575 Da
References
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- The zeta chain is an alpha-type chain of mammalian embryonic hemoglobin.
- Gene Name:
- HBZ
- Uniprot ID:
- P02008
- Molecular Weight:
- 15636.845 Da
References
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Low activity.
- Gene Name:
- CA5A
- Uniprot ID:
- P35218
- Molecular Weight:
- 34750.21 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
| Type | Value | Assay Type | Assay Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibitory | 16000 uM | Not Available | BindingDB 50152970 |
References
- Innocenti A, Vullo D, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of isozymes I, II, IV, V, and IX with anions isosteric and isoelectronic with sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Feb 1;15(3):567-71. [15664814 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Its role in saliva is unknown.
- Gene Name:
- CA6
- Uniprot ID:
- P23280
- Molecular Weight:
- 35366.615 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
| Type | Value | Assay Type | Assay Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibitory | 760 uM | Not Available | BindingDB 50152970 |
References
- Bertucci A, Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Tambutte S, Zoccola D, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jan 15;21(2):710-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.124. Epub 2010 Dec 4. [21208801 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.
- Gene Name:
- CA7
- Uniprot ID:
- P43166
- Molecular Weight:
- 29658.235 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
| Type | Value | Assay Type | Assay Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibitory | 190 uM | Not Available | BindingDB 50152970 |
References
- Vullo D, Ruusuvuori E, Kaila K, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the cytosolic human isozyme VII with anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Jun 15;16(12):3139-43. Epub 2006 Apr 18. [16621537 ]